Place a rack in the top third of the oven and heat to 400°F. In a medium bowl, toss scallions, green garlic, salt and pepper.
Heat a 12" cast iron skillet over medium heat. Arrange the leeks cut-side down in the skillet, then scatter spring onions in the gaps. Sprinkle a little more salt on top, then spread scallion mixture in an even layer in pan. Pour in 1/4 cup water and top with butter.
Cover and simmer on low heat until vegetables are soft, 20 to 25 minutes.
Uncover the pan, turn heat to medium-high and cook until liquid is evaporated and edges are starting to brown and sizzle, 5-10 minutes longer.
Meanwhile, in a small bowl, rub together anchovies, Parmesan, Panko, thyme, lemon zest and red pepper flakes. Drizzle in oil and toss to combine.
Sprinkle Gruyere evenly into skillet over leeks, pour in cream, then top with the breadcrumb mixture. Drizzle with a little more oil. Transfer to oven and bake until golden and bubbly, 15-20 minutes. Cool slightly, then serve warm.